5. Federal Register Volume 76, Number 246
(Thursday, December 22, 2011), 79697–79701.
6. Residue vs. resistance. This article purpose-
fully did not address drug residues that may be
present in foods of animal origin. The residue vi-
olator list, kept by the USDA, records both pro-
ducers and violations. This helps not only to
keep a public record, but also to prevent actual
drugs showing up in the food that the public
consumes. Although this might elicit the “yuck”
factor, withdrawal times and other practices that
are in place help mitigate the risk that someone
would actually “eat” antibiotics in any given
meal.
7. www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/
GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/
GuidanceforIndustry/ucm052519.pdf.
8. Livermore, D.M. 1995. Beta-lactamases in lab-
oratory and clinical resistance. Clin Microbiol
Rev 8:557–584.
9. Li, X.Z. et al. 2007. b-lactam resistance and b-
lactamases in bacteria of animal origin. Vet Mi-
crobiol 121:197–214.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC). 2010. National Antimicrobial Resistance
Monitoring System for enteric bacteria
(NARMS): Human isolates final report, 2008. At-
lanta, Georgia: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human
Services.
11. Glenn, L.M. et al. 2011. Analysis of antimicro-
bial resistance genes detected in multidrug-resis-
tant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
isolated from food animals. Microb Drug Resist
17:407–418.
12. Lewis, J.S. et al. 2007. First report of the
emergence of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum
beta-lactamases (ESBLs) as the predominant
ESBL isolated in a U.S. health care system. An-
timicrobial Agents Chemother 51:4015–4021.
13. Sjolund-Karlsson, M. et al. CTX-M–producing
non-typhi Salmonella spp. isolated from hu-
mans, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 17:97–99.
14. Zhao, S. et al. 2009. Beta-lactam resistance in
Salmonella isolated from retail meats in the
United States: NARMS: 2002–2006. Appl Environ
Microbiol 75:7624–7630.
15. Zhao, S. et al. 2001. Identification and expres-
sion of cephamycinase blaCMY genes in Es-
cherichia coli and Salmonella isolates from food
animals and ground meat. Antimicrobial Agents
Chemother 45:3647–3650.
16. Minor species of food animals include deer,
bison, elk, rabbit, duck, goose, quail, pheasant,
partridge, pigeon, ostrich and emu.
17. www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/
Recall_100_2011_Release/ index.asp.
For more information on FDA food safety legislation, please visit
www.foodsafetymagazine.com.
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